Al Arabiya Institute for Studies - Michael May & Dr. Basimah Rowe
Since the commencement of Yemen’s National Dialogue Conference in
18 March, authors and commentators have produced thousands of articles,
posts, and analyses on Yemen, its revolution, and its unknown future.
Most, though, have ignored Yemen’s “virtual” revolution – the blossoming
of its vibrant social media community. Far from the halls of Sanaa’s
posh Movenpick Hotel that play host to the conference, Yemenis online
are doing some talking of their own… and their prolific commentary may
offer hope for Yemen’s future.
An integral factor in uprisings
across the Middle East, the use of social media tools to mobilize
citizens and rapidly share information has been widely documented in
countries like Egypt and Tunisia. Much less attention has been paid to
smaller, peripheral countries like Yemen, and with a reputation as a
bastion of tribal conservatism and illiteracy, most may not have
envisioned Yemen riding the rising tide of internet activism in the
region. The prolific writing of Yemenis young and old, however, has
ignited social media sites, giving the world a moment-by-moment,
authentic picture of this momentous period in Yemeni history. In this
revolution, there is no longer a need for polished media experts and
pundits to pontificate on Yemeni political life – its people are doing
the job for them. Those wanting to experience Yemenis’ revolutionary
spirit need only to visit Facebook and Twitter, where thousands of users
shed light on mindsets of Yemen’s diverse population, or Yemen’s
discussion forums, where members discuss all facets of Yemeni politics,
social, and military affairs.
Without a doubt, this phenomenon contrasts sharply with internet connectivity
statistics released
by the International Telecommunications Commission. In their reports,
Yemen’s internet use per capita ranks among the lowest in the Arab
world. Despite this ranking, Yemeni social media stands strong among
its peers: activity on Yemen’s Facebook pages surpasses that of its more
“plugged in” neighbors like Bahrain, Jordan, and the UAE. The Yemeni
Council, a Yemen-focused discussion forum, is one of the most active
discussion forums on the Arabic-language internet. Yemenis choose from a
selection of
different forums
dedicated to the country’s tribes and provinces – a phenomenon unique
to Yemen. Connectivity statistics prove that this media revolution
doesn’t necessarily represent an increase in the number of internet
users in the country, but rather an increase in the direct channeling of
political attitudes and free expression of opinion previously absent in
Yemen and much of the Arab world.
While political developments
have paved the way for the resurgence of freedom of expression in Yemen,
technological developments have allowed it to flourish. Learning from
their Arab cousins, Yemenis are harnessing social media to communicate
their views as never before. No event better illustrates this phenomenon
than the advent of the National Dialogue Conference, which sparked a
rise in activity across the Yemeni social media universe[i]. Throughout
the opening weeks of the conference, Yemenis offered their opinions on
every facet of the Dialogue’s progress.
Bringing together leaders
from across Yemen’s fractured society, the National Dialogue is an
ambitious initiative. The conference consists of nine working groups,
each focusing on the issues most critical to Yemen’s future: The
Southern question, the status of Saada province, national
reconciliation, state building, good governance, the armed forces &
security, independent & social issues, rights & freedoms, and
national development. While few Yemenis would disagree that these
issues represent the most difficult obstacles on the country’s path to
progress, conversations from Yemeni social media paint a more detailed
picture. In these discussions, the Southern question and Saada province,
in addition to the conference’s lack of youth representation, emerge as
the three main stumbling blocks most important to Yemenis online.
The Southern Question
Dialogue
or no Dialogue, the relationship between Yemen’s north and south
consistently generates the highest levels of discussion online. With a
civil war and years of armed clashes between government forces and
Southern separatists in the country’s rearview mirror, tension between
these two formerly independent nations is as tangible in the virtual
world as it is on the ground. One hub of such tension is the Yemeni
Council, where users of every political affiliation follow the workings
of the National Dialogue with intense focus. The southern question has
dominated the site, especially among southerners themselves, who often
point out their passionate rejection of any southerner participating in the conference. These users
claim
that southern participants are “oblivious” to insincere government
initiatives - “They’ve been bitten by the same snake, time and time
again.” Most southern-focused discussion forums echoed such criticism,
such as users on the
Gates of the South, who listed names of what they
called
the “Gang of clones that will participate in the name southerners.” Not
to be outdone, users on forums and Facebook pages affiliated with the
separatist Southern Mobility Movement
accused participants of colluding with the so-called Yemeni “occupation” regime,
urging complete separation between the Yemeni government and southern provinces.
The
vast pessimism of many southern users toward Yemen’s intentions and its
ability to solve the southern question contrasts with the views of
conference participants, who seem optimistic that there is still plenty
of time for progress to be made. In the
closing statement
of its first session, National Dialogue staff confirmed the importance
of keeping “Doors of communication with all facets of the peaceful
separatist movement open,” in addition to calling for the formation of
additional mechanisms for greater communication. These statements may
find welcome ears with the minority of southerners online who called for
greater integration with the north. Their commentary offered an embrace
of the Dialogue, pointing out the objective fact that injustices
committed against the southerners deserve realistic and immediate
solutions.
Youth Representation
Among Yemenis’ main
criticisms of the National Dialogue Conference is its perceived lack of
youth representation. At the start of proceedings, Dialogue Secretary
General Ahmad Bin Mubarak offered a hopeful explanation of the rationale
behind the distribution of seats at the conference. Mubarak noted that
50% of participants will hail from the north and 50% from the south;
among those, 30% will be female and 20% youth. Many Yemenis online
viewed these numbers as misleading: among the conference’s 565
delegates, independent youth activists were
granted only
40 seats. The majority of the remaining seats were granted to blocs of
established political parties, some of which are linked to the shooting
deaths of innocent demonstrators during Yemen’s revolutionary protest
movement in 2011. Critics argue that despite their leadership at the
forefront of Yemen’s protest movement, independent youth activists are
underrepresented at the conference, leaving their voices to be drowned
out by those of more numerous and established political elites. One
place where youth voices are surely heard, however, is on Yemen’s
popular Facebook pages.
Users on pages like the
Second Page for Yemen’s Change Revolution and
Yemen Eye News
were highly critical of the allotment of seats given to the independent
youth. The official page of Nobel laureate and youth activist Tawakkul
Karman, Yemen’s most followed Facebook page with over 370,000 “likes,”
mocked the proportion of independent youth represented at the Dialogue,
labeling it a “decoration” and urging UN envoy Jamal Benomar to admit
that the Dialogue falsely represented the revolutionary contributions of
youth activists. These youth-oriented pages’ sharp criticism of the
Dialogue’s seat distribution was praised by thousands of readers, but
with seventy percent of Facebook members in the Arab world aged 15 to
29, users on these pages have already created a dialogue of their own.
Saada Province
With
six wars fought against Yemeni government forces in the last ten years
and continuous calls for autonomy in Saada province, it should come as
no surprise that the actions of the rebel Houthi movement generate high
levels of conversation in Yemeni social media. Reflecting the increasing
sectarianism and anti-Iranian sentiment across the region, the Houthis’
role in Yemen is one of the most polarizing issues among Yemenis
online. The Houthi movement, known officially as Ansar Allah, operates a
sophisticated social media outreach program, including discussion
forums, a number of official
Facebook pages, and pro-Houthi
activists on
Twitter. While significant, these Houthi controlled outlets often act
as an echo chamber of pro-Houthi views - the place for real debate is
Yemen’s most popular Facebook page and discussion forum. The majority
of users on these sites diligently condemn the Houthis, citing
traditional grievances such as claims of Houthi collaboration with Iran,
assaults on fellow Yemenis, and sectarian arguments against an increase
in Houthi autonomy. Houthi users respond by condemning the Yemeni
government’s alliance with America and defending Houthi militant
operations as self-defense against an oppressive national government.
Despite the polarized rhetoric on both sides, however, there are reasons
for optimism: a growing minority of users articulates nuanced views on
the Saada issue. Many users on youth-oriented, pro-revolution Facebook
pages, for example, refuse to offer wholesale condemnation of the Houthi
movement, despite provocations from page administrators. Instead,
these users defend the Houthis’ right to express grievances at the
National Dialogue and criticize
attempts to condone violence against them.
Among Yemenis Online, Marginal Events Go Viral
There
is little doubt that issues like the status of southern Yemen, Saada
province, and adequate youth representation will dominate the National
Dialogue for months to come. Observations online, however, prove that
this may not be the case in the social media universe. From the first
day of the conference, spikes in conversation demonstrated Yemenis’
rabid following of the National Dialogue down to the smallest remark.
Often, the most popular subjects of conversation were those that
reflected Yemen’s divisions, such as the expulsion of Huthi
representative Ali Naser Al-Bukhaiti on the first day of the dialogue.
Users even vigorously
debated
the word choice of Yemeni president Abd Rabo Mansur Hadi’s scolding of
Al-Bukhaiti. Users were similarly divided when commenting on conference
spokesperson Amal Al-Basha’s sharp confrontation with tribal chief Sadeq
Al-Ahmar over the role of women in the conference. Other events early
in the Dialogue created widespread agreement among users, perhaps
offering hope for the future of the conference. Much of this consensus
commentary centers around Yemenis’ desperate desire for the rule of law
and their disdain for tribalism, such as when users swiftly condemned
Yemeni strongman Sadeq Al-Ahmar’s assault on a Yemeni soldier, or when
they lamented repeated attempts of tribal sheikhs to carry weapons into
the Dialogue hall. Thankfully for Yemen, violence that threatens to
derail the Dialogue, such as an assassination attempt on Houthi
representatives, has also drawn the ire of the majority of Yemenis
online.
Signs of Hope
Now that the first session of
Yemen’s National Dialogue has concluded, many followers of the
conference will no doubt claim that despite the vast effort, the
Dialogue has thus far accomplished little. The conference’s critics,
however, cannot deny the Dialogue’s one unprecedented achievement: a far
cry from bloody revolutions elsewhere in the region, Yemen’s feuding
factions have come together peacefully, under one roof, to acknowledge
the country’s problems and attempt to move past them. This monumental
accomplishment is being replicated online, where Yemenis prolifically
discuss the country’s most contentious topics. Despite their strong
disagreements on issues mentioned above, visitors to Yemen’s most
popular social media sites express their desire for lasting peace,
government reform, and an end to corruption.
On a daily basis,
Yemenis online are encouraging their fellow citizens to rise above
traditional affiliations for the benefit of the country. Yemen’s
challenges are immense, but if the sentiments of Yemenis online offer
any reflection of the Dialogue participants themselves, there are strong
reasons to be optimistic about the country’s future.
